Camus and Sartre: The Unsettled Conflict on Violence and Terror

The broad purpose of this paper is to bring attention to the subject of terrorism. In the paper two plays by are compared which both treat this matter somewhat differently. The first play is "Les Mains Sales" by Jean Paul Sartre and the second play is "Les Justes" by Albert Camus. The two authors who are both descendents of the existentialist time period have quite differing views on the subject. Sartre was known for his belief in action while Camus was known to be more of a pacifist. Both of these issues are portrayed in the paper. This paper also goes one step further because it looks at the literary aspect of both plays yet also places them and their theories into today's context. Both of the plays look terrorism from the eyes of the terrorist. This is something that is not very common even today in the middle of the all the terror that exists around the globe. However the issues and theories presented here bring some insight into the terrorists mind and how that affects the world today

Potential role of immunotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Immuno checkpoint inhibitors have ushered in a new era with respect to the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Many patients are not suitable for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg, gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) or with anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors (eg, crizotinib and ceritinib). As a result, anti-PD- 1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors may play a novel role in the improvement of outcomes in a metastatic setting. The regulation of immune surveillance, immunoediting, and immunoescape mechanisms may play an interesting role in this regard either alone or in combination with current drugs. Here, we discuss advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer as well as future perspectives within this framework.Pierre Fabr

Why Maasai Parents Enroll their Children in Primary School: The Case of Makuyuni in Northern Tanzania

This study analyzes the reasons why the Makuyuni parents of Northern Tanzania do or do not enroll their children in school. Ten Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and several key informant (KI) interviews were conducted in the Mswakini Juu and Makuyuni villages. The parents who participated in the FGDs all had children in primary school at the time of interview. The findings revealed that reasons for enrolling these children in school included future economic stability for the family, government policies enforcing parents to enroll their children in primary school, partnership with World Vision, increased physical accessibility to education, and the World Food Program (WFP) which supplies food for all primary schools in the district. The findings also exposed hindrances to primary school enrollment including protection of tradition and culture, females marrying at a young age, and inability to afford extra scholastic expenses. This study suggests that increased commitment to education would benefit the Maasai people by better equipping them to secure and maintain employment. Other suggestions presented include better preparing children for primary school and sensitizing Maasai leaders to the benefits and realities of education. [PUBLISHER ABSTRACT

Streams across the Silk Roads? The case of Islamic glass from Ghazni

Abstract This paper presents data obtained by a combined chrono-typological and archaeometric study carried out on an assemblage of glassware and bracelets unearthed at the Ghaznavid Palace of Ghazni, Afghanistan. Pulsating trade and cultural centre located along the Silk Roads, the site of Ghazni has yielded evidence of an uninterrupted archaeological sequence, with settlement continuity spanning from pre-Islamic (2nd–9th/10th CE) to Islamic periods (end 10th–19th CE). Both glassware and bracelets were manufactured by using a plant ash-based glass, in line with Central Asian glassmaking technology. Furthermore, several compositional groups were identified, showing close affinities with other assemblages from Central Asia, Uzbekistan and Jordan

Engineering immunomodulatory hydrogels and cell-laden systems towards bone regeneration

The well-known synergetic interplay between the skeletal and immune systems has changed the design of advanced bone tissue engineering strategies. The immune system is essential during the bone lifetime, with macrophages playing multiple roles in bone healing and biomaterial integration. If in the past, the most valuable aspect of implants was to avoid immune responses of the host, nowadays, it is well-established how important are the crosstalks between immune cells and bone-engineered niches for an efficient regenerative process to occur. For that, it is essential to recapitulate the multiphenotypic cellular environment of bone tissue when designing new approaches. Indeed, the lack of osteoimmunomodulatory knowledge may be the explanation for the poor translation of biomaterials into clinical practice. Thus, smarter hydrogels incorporating immunomodulatory bioactive factors, stem cells, and immune cells are being proposed to develop a new generation of bone tissue engineering strategies. This review highlights the power of immune cells to upgrade the development of innovative engineered strategies, mainly focusing on orthopaedic and dental applications.publishe

Effect of gentle stroking and vocalization on behaviour, mucosal immunity and upper respiratory disease in anxious shelter cats

Emotional, behavioural, and health benefits of gentle stroking and vocalizations, otherwise known as gentling, have been documented for several species, but little is known about the effect of gentling on cats in stressful situations. In this study, 139 cats rated as anxious upon admission to an animal shelter were allocated to either a Gentled or Control group. Cats were gentled four times daily for 10min over a period of 10 days, with the aid of a tool for cats that were too aggressive to handle. The cats' mood, or persistent emotional state, was rated daily for 10 d as Anxious, Frustrated or Content. Gentled cats were less likely to have negatively valenced moods (Anxious or Frustrated) than Control cats (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]=0.61 CI 0.42-0.88, P=0.007). Total secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) was quantified from faeces by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gentled cats had increased S-IgA (6.9±0.7logμg/g) compared to Control cats (5.9±0.5logμg/g) (

Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study

Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability characterized by persistent difficulty in learning to read. While an understanding of genetic contributions is emerging, the ways the environment affects brain functioning in children with developmental dyslexia are poorly understood. A relationship between the home literacy environment (HLE) and neural correlates of reading has been identified in typically developing children, yet it remains unclear whether similar effects are observable in children with a genetic predisposition for dyslexia. Understanding environmental contributions is important given that we do not understand why some genetically at-risk children do not develop dyslexia. Here we investigate for the first time the relationship between HLE and the neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with (FHD+, n=29) and without (FHD−, n=21) a family history of developmental dyslexia. We controlled for socio-economic status to isolate the neurobiological mechanism by which HLE affects reading development. Group differences revealed stronger correlation of HLE with brain activation in the left inferior/middle frontal and right fusiform gyri in FHD− compared to FHD+ children, suggesting greater impact of HLE on manipulation of phonological codes and recruitment of orthographic representations in typically developing children. In contrast, activation in the right precentral gyrus showed a significantly stronger correlation with HLE in FHD+ compared to FHD− children, suggesting emerging compensatory networks in genetically at-risk children. Overall, our results suggest that genetic predisposition for dyslexia alters contributions of HLE to early reading skills before formal reading instruction, which has important implications for educational practice and intervention models

Os problemas de comportamento no envolvimento de adolescentes em comportamentos de agressão e vitimização direta

Exame público realizado em 6 julho de 2022, às 10HO bullying é um problema de saúde pública e diz respeito a comportamentos agressivos muito nefastos e com prejuízos graves para a saúde física e mental daqueles que se envolvem no fenómeno, quer sejam estes vítimas, quer sejam estes agressores. Deste modo, uma compreensão aprofundada acerca dos fatores que possam potenciar o envolvimento em comportamentos de agressão e vitimação, revela-se crucial. Neste seguimento, o presente estudo pretende examinar a relação entre problemas de comportamento e comportamentos de vitimação e agressão direta, em adolescentes. Especificamente, pretendeu-se perceber se os problemas de comportamento são preditores do envolvimento em comportamentos de vitimação e agressão verbal. Participaram neste estudo 289 adolescentes (156 do género feminino e 133 do género masculino), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 19 anos de idade (M=14.80; DP=.09), e a frequentar o ensino em agrupamentos escolares do distrito do Porto. Para avaliar problemas de comportamento (nomeadamente a externalização, a hiperatividade/défice de atenção e a internalização) utilizou-se o Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) e para avaliar o envolvimento em comportamentos agressivos usou-se a Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal no Contexto Escolar (ECICE). Verificou-se que os rapazes se envolvem mais frequentemente em comportamentos de agressão verbal do que as raparigas. Não foram encontradas diferenças relativamente ao envolvimento em comportamentos de vitimação verbal. Constatou-se ainda que os rapazes demonstram mais problemas de externalização e, por seu turno, as raparigas mais problemas de internalização. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao nível da hiperatividade/défice de atenção em função do género. O modelo de regressão linear múltipla revelou ainda que os problemas de comportamento predisseram quer os comportamentos de agressão verbal, quer os comportamentos de vitimação verbal. Na sua maioria, os resultados são congruentes com a literatura existente apontando esta para diferença entre géneros no que respeita à agressão e à externalização e internalização e ainda para a existência de uma associação significativa entre os problemas de comportamento e o envolvimento em comportamentos de agressão e vitimação verbal.Bullying is a public health problem and corresponds to very harmful aggressive behavior with serious damage to the physical and mental health of those involved in the phenomenon, whether they are victims or aggressors. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the factors that may potentiate involvement in aggression and victimization behaviors is crucial. In particular, this study aims to examine the relationship of behavior problems with victimization and direct aggression behavior in adolescents. Specifically, it was intended to understand whether behavior problems are predictors of involvement in victimization and verbal aggression behaviors. A total of 289 adolescents participated in this study (156 females and 133 males), with ages between 12 and 19 years old (M=14.80; DP=.09). These students attended schools in the Porto district. To assess the behavior problems (namely, externalization, hyperactivity/attention deficit and internalization) the Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) (SSIS-RS; Gresham & Elliott, 2008; Barbosa-Ducharne et al., 2012) was used and to assess the involvement in aggression and victimization behaviors the Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal no Contexto Escolar (ECICE; Almeida, 2013) was used. It was found that boys more often engage in verbal aggression behaviors than girls. No differences were found regarding involvement in verbal victimization behaviors. It was also found that boys show more externalization problems and, in turn, girls more internalization problems. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of hyperactivity/attention deficit according to gender. The multiple linear regression model also revealed that behavior problems predicted both verbal aggression and verbal victimization behaviors. For the most part, the results are congruent with the existing literature, pointing to a difference between genders in terms of aggression and externalization and internalization and also to the existence of a significant association between behavior problems and involvement in aggressive and verbal victimization

Close-to-native bone repair via tissue-engineered endochondral ossification approaches

In order to solve the clinical challenges related to bone grafting, several tissue engineering (TE) strategies have been proposed to repair critical-sized defects. Generally, the classical TE approaches are designed to promote bone repair via intramembranous ossification. Although promising, strategies that direct the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells are usually characterized by a lack of functional vascular supply, often resulting in necrotic cores. A less explored alternative is engineering bone constructs through a cartilage-mediated approach, resembling the embryological process of endochondral ossification. The remodeling of an intermediary hypertrophic cartilaginous template triggers vascular invasion and bone tissue deposition. Thus, employing this knowledge can be a promising direction for the next generation of bone TE constructs. This review highlights the most recent biomimetic strategies for applying endochondral ossification in bone TE while discussing the plethora of cell types, culture conditions, and biomaterials essential to promote a successful bone regeneration process.publishe

"Scalping" in the context of criminal dismemberment and mutilation-a case report and review of the literature

We report on a case of criminal dismemberment and attempted scalping of a homicide victim with a “Mohawk” haircut. Case fndings are presented. A review of the literature was performed for scalping in its historical and cultural context and particularly in criminal dismemberment and mutilation: Historically, scalping was prevalent in many ancient cultures around the world, where scalps were taken as trophies or “proof of kill”, much like shrunken heads, trophy skulls, and other artefacts. Scalping was particularly widespread in Northern America in the context of tribal warfare, both before and after colonization. The iconic “Mohawk” haircut is closely linked with scalping, as it was meant to taunt the enemy. In the modern forensic context, scalping constitutes a form of criminal mutilation. However, cases of criminal dismemberment and mutilation are rare in forensic casework. Our literature review revealed a low number of scalping in criminal dismemberment and mutilation cases. The documentation was overall poor. Positioning scalping within the classifcation of criminal mutilation and dismemberment was difcult. In literature, even though case numbers were small, the majority of “textbook scalping” cases were German. The presented case, to our best knowledge, is the frst modern-day photo-documented case of (attempted) scalping, even more so of a person wearing a “Mohawk”